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How does a Space Telescope work? (Hubble and Webb)
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The James Webb Space Telescope (JWST) is the most advanced infrared space telescope ever created, acting as a time machine to explore the ...
Original title
איך פועל טלסקופ חלל? האבל וג׳יימס ווב
טלסקופ החלל ג'יימס וב (JWST) מייצג את פסגת הטכנולוגיה האנושית בחקר היקום. הוא נחשב למצפה הכוכבים המשוכלל והמורכב ביותר ששוגר אי פעם לחלל, ומתפקד למעשה כ"מכונת זמן" המאפשרת לנו להביט מיליארדי שנים אחורה אל עבר ראשיתו של היקום. בעוד שטלסקופ החלל האבל, קודמו המהפכני, פעל בעיקר בטווח האור הנראה, ג'יימס וב מתמקד בטווח האינפרא-אדום. יכולת זו מאפשרת לו לחדור מבעד לענני אבק קוסמיים ולחשוף עולמות נסתרים, כוכבים בתהליכי התהוות וגלקסיות רחוקות שנוצרו זמן קצר לאחר המפץ הגדול, ואורן נמתח לאורך גלי אינפרא-אדום בשל התפשטות היקום. ההבדלים בין האבל לווב אינם מסתכמים רק בטווח התדרים, אלא גם במיקום ובעוצמה. האבל חג במסלול נמוך סביב כדור הארץ, מה שאיפשר בעבר לתקן אותו באמצעות מעבורות חלל. לעומתו, ג'יימס וב ממוקם בנקודת "לגראנז' 2" (L2), מרחק של כ-1.5 מיליון קילומטרים מאיתנו – מקום שבו כוחות הכבידה של השמש וכדור הארץ מאזנים זה את זה, ומאפשרים לטלסקופ להישאר בנקודה קבועה וקרה במיוחד. הקור העז הכרחי לפעולתו, שכן כל מקור חום (אפילו מהטלסקופ עצמו) עלול לשבש את קליטת האותות החלשים המגיעים ממרחבי הקוסמוס. כדי להשיג את הרזולוציה המדהימה שלו, מצויד וב במראה ראשית עצומה בקוטר של 6.5 מטרים, המורכבת מ-18 מקטעים משושים המצופים בשכבת זהב דקיקה לשיפור החזרת אור אינפרא-אדום. בסרטון זה נצלול לעומק המנגנונים המורכבים המאפשרים לטלסקופים אלו לפעול. נבין כיצד האופטיקה המתקדמת מרכזת פוטונים בודדים לכדי תמונות מרהיבות, וכיצד מדענים משתמשים בספקטרוסקופיה כדי לנתח את ההרכב הכימי של אטמוספירות בכוכבי לכת רחוקים (אקזו-פלנטות) בחיפוש אחר סימני חיים. נבחן את האתגרים ההנדסיים הבלתי נתפסים שבבנייה ובשיגור של מתקן שחייב להיפתח בדיוק של מילימטרים בחלל הריק, לאחר מסע מטלטל על גבי טיל. זהו סיפור על סקרנות אנושית חסרת גבולות ועל הטכנולוגיה שדוחפת את קצה גבול הידע שלנו לגבי המקום ממנו באנו ולאן היקום שלנו הולך. הצטרפו אלינו למסע בין עדשות, מראות ואבק כוכבים, וגלו כיצד העיניים החדשות שלנו בחלל משנות לחלוטין את כל מה שחשבנו שאנחנו יודעים על האסטרופיזיקה. מהמפץ הגדול ועד למערכות שמש צעירות, זהו מדריך מקיף ומרתק לאופן שבו הטלסקופים הללו מגדירים מחדש את מקומנו בתוך היקום האינסופי.
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